International Shock Wave Institute Archive

- BooK Archive -

Handbook of Supersonic Aerodynamics, Section 18, Shock Tubes
By I. I. GLASS and J. GORDON HALL
Institute of Aerophysics, University of Toronto

Covering Pages and contents

Contents

Theory and Performance of Simple Shock Tubes, by I. I. Glass

Introduction
1.1 General Scope of Contents
Text: pdf (1.8MB)

References
Text: pdf (1.3MB)

Performance of Simple Constant-Area Shock Tubes

2.1 One-Dimensional Rarefaction and Compression Waves
Text: pdf (24.6MB)

2.1.1 Fundamental Equations, 2.1.2 Characteristics in the (x,t)-Plane, 2.1.3 Rarefaction and Compression Waves in Perfect Gases, 2.1.4 Centred Waves in Perfect Gases, 2.1.5 Rarefaction and Compression Waves in Imperfect Gases

2.2 Plane Shock Waves
Text: pdf (12.7MB)

2.2.1 Shock Waves in Perfect Gases, 2.2.2 Shock Waves in Imperfect Gases, 2.2.2.1 Relaxation Effects

2.3 The Wave System in a Simple Shock Tube
Text: pdf (13.6MB)

2.3.1 Use of the (p,u)-Plane, 2.3.2 Basic Equations for the Wave System and Flow Quantities in Perfect Inviscid Gases, 2.3.3 Imperfect Gas Effects

2.4 Effects of One-Dimensional Wave Interactions and Finite Tube Length

2.4.1 Normal Reflection of a Shock Wave or a Rarefaction Wave
Text: pdf (5.7MB)
2.4.1.1 Shock Wave Reflection, 2.4.1.2 Rarefaction Wave Reflection

2.4.2 Head-on Collision of Shock Waves or Rarefaction Waves
Text: pdf (2.2MB)
2.4.2.1 Head-on Collision of Two Unequal Shock Waves, 2.4.2.2 Head-on Collision of Two Unequal Rarefaction Waves, 2.4.2.3 Head-on Collision of a Shock Wave and a Rarefaction Wave

2.4.3 Normal Refraction of a Shock Wave or a Rarefaction Wave at a Contact Surface
Text: pdf (2.1MB)
2.4.3.1 Refraction of a Shock Wave at a Contact Surface, 2.4.3.2 Refraction of a Rarefaction Wave at a Contact Surface

2.4.4 Overtaking of Shock Waves or Rarefaction Waves
Text: pdf (2.4MB)
2.4.4.1 The Overtaking of Two Similarly Facing Shock Waves, 2.4.4.2 Non-Overtaking of Two Rarefaction Waves, 2.4.4.3 Overtaking of a Shock Wave by a Rare faction Wave, 2.4.4.4 Overtaking of a Rarefaction Wave by a Shock Wave

2.4.5 Application of One-Dimensional Wave Interactions to a Shock Tube of Finite Length
Text: pdf (2.2MB)

Supplement

Supplement A: Equation of State for Thermally Imperfect Gases
Text: pdf (1.5MB)

Supplement B: Gas Imperfections at Low Pressures and High Temperatures
Text: pdf (7.9MB)

Supplement C: Relaxation Effects in Gases
Text: pdf (2.6MB)

Supplement D: An Alternative Development of Shock-Wave Equations for Real Gases
Text: pdf (4.5MB)

Tables and Figures

Tables for 2.1 Text: pdf (6.5MB), Tables for 2.2 Text: pdf (1.9MB), Tables for 2.3 Text: pdf (2.1MB), Figures for 2.1 Text: pdf (14.4MB), Figures for 2.2 Text: pdf (36.9MB), Figures for 2.3 Text: pdf (47.2MB), Figures for 2.4 Text: pdf (32.5MB)

References
Text: pdf (1.3MB)
Observed Flows in a Constant-Area Shock Tube

3.1 Comparison of Idealized Theory with Experiment
Text: pdf (6.4MB)

3.1.1 Wave System Produced by Diaphragm Removal, 3.1.2 Wave Speed Measurements, 3.1.3 Uniform States Separated by the Contact Region, 3.1.4 Wave Interaction Results

3.2 Boundary-Layer Effects
Text: pdf (6.4MB)

3.2.1 Laminar Boundary Layer, 3.2.2 Transition, 3.2.3 Turbulent Boundary Layer, 3.2.4 Boundary-Layer Closure, 3.2.5 Reflected Shock-Wave Boundary-Layer Interactions

Tables and Figures

Tables 3 Text: pdf (1.4MB), Figures for 3.1 Text: pdf (20.7MB), Figures for 3.2 Text: pdf (6.2MB)

References
Text: pdf (3.2MB)

Production of Strong Shock Waves, and Shock Tube Applications, Design, and Instrumentation, by J. G. Hall

Production of Strong Shock Waves

4.1 Limitations of the Simple Shock Tube
Text: pdf (2.4MB)

4.2 Modifications to the Simple Shock Tube
Text: pdf (14MB)

4.2.1 Heating of Driver Gas in Constant-Area Tube, (4.2.1.1 Electrical Heating, 4.2.1.2 Multiple-Diaphragm Technique, 4.2.1.3 Combustion Heating), 4.2.2 Cross-Section Area Change, (4.2.2.1 Monotonic Convergence at Diaphragm, 4.2.2.2 Monotonic Convergence Along Tube, 4.2.3 Combined Modifications and Comparisons of Theoretical Performance)

4.3 Alternatives to the Diaphragm Shock Tube
4.4 Attenuation of Strong Shock Waves
Text: pdf (3.3MB)

Tables and Figures

Tables 4 Text: pdf (496kB), Figures for 4.1 Text: pdf (8.2MB), Figures for 4.2 Text: pdf (11MB), Figures for 4.3 Text: pdf (896kB), Figures for 4.4 Text: pdf (1.6MB),

References
Text: pdf (2.6MB)
Applications of the Shock Tube

5.1 Use as a Wind Tunnel
Text: pdf (11.9MB)

5.1.1 Shock Tube with Uniform or Constant-Area Channel (5.1.1.1 Use in Subsonic, Transonic, Supersonic, and Hypersonic Research, 5.1.1.2 Performance, 5.1.1.3 Instrumentation), 5.1.2 Hypersonic Shock Tunnels (5.1.2.1 General Characteristics, 5.1.2.2 Non-Reflected Shock Tunnels, 5.1.2.3 Reflected-Shock Tunnels, 5.1.2.4 Hypersonic Gun Tunnels)

5.2 Use in Aerophysics Research
Text: pdf (4.4MB)

5.2.1 Wave-Interaction and Non-Planar Wave Phenomena, 5.2.2 Condensation Phenomena, 5.2.3 Flow Transition and Boundary-Layer Phenomena, 5.2.4 High-Temperature Gas Physics (5.2.4.1 Radiation Studies, 5.2.4.2 Ionization, Conductivity, Magnetohydrodynamic Studies, 5.2.4.3 Relaxation Studies)

5.3 Use in Chemical Research
Text: pdf (4.4MB)

5.3.1 Combustion Studies, 5.3.2 Chemical Kinetic Studies (5.3.2.1 Optical Methods, 5.3.2.2 Chemical Shock Tube), 5.3.3 Dissociation Energies

5.4 Use for Calibration of Instruments
Text: pdf (816kB)

Figures

Figures for 5.1 Text: pdf (16.3MB), Figures for 5.3 Text: pdf (608kB)

References
Text: pdf (6.5MB)
Shock-Tube Materials, Design, and Construction

6.1 Tube Design and Construction
Text: pdf (3.1MB)

6.1.1 Tube Length and Internal Cross-Section, 6.1.2 Tube Structure

6.2 Diaphragms
Text: pdf (4.3MB)

6.2.1 Nonmetallic Diaphragms, 6.2.2 Metallic Diaphragms, 6.2.3 Methods for Controlled Diaphragm Rupture

6.3 Pressure and Vacuum Techniques
6.4 Shock-Tube Hazards
Text: pdf (3MB)

Tables and Figures

Tables Text: pdf (3.3MB), Figures Text: pdf (7.3MB)

References
Text: pdf (1.4MB)
Shock-Tube Flow Measurement and Instrumentation

7.1 Pressure Measurement
Text: pdf (6.1MB)

7.1.1 Hydrostatic Pressure Measurement, 7.1.2 Transient Pressure Measurement (7.1.2.1 "Direct Measurement, 7.1.2.2 Indirect Measurement)

7.2 Density Measurement
Text: pdf (9.2MB)

7.2.1 Optical Methods--Schlieren and Interferometry (7.2.1.1 Shadowgraph, 7.2.1.2 Toepler Schlieren, 7.2.1.3 Wave-Speed Schlieren, 7.2.1.4 Interferometry, 7.2.1.5 Light Sources and Recording), 7.2.2 Absorption Methods

7.3 Heat Transfer and Temperature Measurement
Text: pdf (8.5MB)

7.3.1 Thin-Film Resistance Thermometer, 7.3.2 Thin-Film Thermocouple, 7.3.3 Calorimeter Heat-Transfer Gauge, 7.3.4 Hot-Wire Anemometer, 7.3.5 Interferometry

7.4 Primary Shock Strength Measurement
Text: pdf (7.4MB)

7.4.1 Direct Shock-Speed Measurement (7.4.1.1 Continuous Wave-Speed Methods, 7.4.1.2 Shock Detector Methods), 7.4.2 Reflected-Wave Technique

7.5 Light-Reflectivity Measurement (Shock-Wave Transition)
7.6 Light-Absorption Measurement
7.7 Electrical-Conductivity Measurement
7.8 Model Force Measurement
Text: pdf (3.2MB)

Tables and Figures

Tables Text: pdf (1MB), Figures Text: pdf (11.7MB)

References
Text: pdf (6.8MB)

Index

(This archive uses only ISWI member)